The Importance Of Sports In Sports - 1043 Words

are my top 5. First – The Aggies running game will allow them to control and dictate the pace of this game. Currently, Texas AM ranks 2nd in the SEC in rushing offense, and Arkansas checks in 6th. They are averaging nearly 38 points per game, and have done some real damage on the ground, rushing for 756 yards in their three contests. The Aggies has 4 RBs, who have already rushed for 100 yards this season, including both RB Kendall Bussey (204) and RB Trayveon Williams (256) who have each gone over 200 yards. The two RBs have also combined to score 4 TDS with RB Williams also averaging a solid 7.8 yards per carry as well. RB Keith Ford is the 4th back in the rotation and he has 140 yards rushing and 3 TDs so far this season. The Aggies†¦show more content†¦So far, the Arkansas’ WRs have been mostly ineffective in their last 2 games. In total, this group has just 15 catches for 184 yards with 6 WR recording a catch this season. Fourth – But, all the blame can’t be placed solely on Allen as he is a solid QB and we have seen what he can do. However, this season is a little different as his OL is not as strong as before and his WRs from last season are gone. In fact, this season Arkansas is starting two former walk-ons on the OL, a converted 3-star D-lineman and the â€Å"Big Uglies† has struggled to provide him protection he needs in the first 2 games. Recruiting reports has shown that since the 204-15 seasons, Bielema has been failing to bring in and sign a stable of 4-star OL recruits and it has caused the problems for his offense today. Arkansas game plan on offense is to establish the run, grind it out, win time of possession, let the OL and RBs impose their will against the opponent. Well, that has not been working and the lack of top solid OL recruits has really shown up this season. Fifth – Arkansas Non-SEC Caliber Defense. The problem for the Hogs this year is that they will have a defense that rates as one of the worst in the SEC. Arkansas has a solid offense in the backfield, but the Aggies can negate them with their front 7 on defense. In fact, the Razorbacks defense rate out at 10th or worse in the SEC in all three levels of the defense coming in to the season. They play in the vauntedShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Sports In Sports1348 Words   |  6 PagesMy whole life I’ve participated in a variety of different sports. At some point every one of my coaches, no matter the sport, have had to encourage me to try and have a more positive mindset. To me, losing or being bad at a sport hurts more than any physical pain I’ve ever experienced. When I was a small child it took the amount of time to go through a drive through for me to learn and compete with other children in most sports. Athletics just came naturally to me. I remember he aring adultsRead MoreImportance Of Sports In Sports758 Words   |  4 Pages Sports have always been a part of my life since I was a little kid. My parents urged me to participate in every sport possible to find the best fit for me. Their focus was to have me always stay active with something that I enjoyed. From soccer to softball to basketball, I found that cross country was the sport for me; I fell in love with running. In elementary school mileage club, a program that the school created to get kids to stay active as well as have fun, was a stepping stone into my runningRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports888 Words   |  4 PagesAs of right now, were seemingly wrapping up what was the craziest NBA off-season in the history of the league. Crazy may not even be the best word to describe it. In fact, momentous may be the ideal word to describe the madness weve witnessed for the past few months. Teams began training camp earlier this week, and 12-time all-star Dwyane Wade  reunited with LeBron James and the Cleveland Cavaliers just two days ago. Normally, when star players make the transition to a new team, questions instantlyRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports925 Words   |  4 Pagesjust lifting weights or concocting protein shakes. Sports are more than an opportunity to go outside and burn off some energy. Recreation activities are more than a way to get in shape and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Athletics are a metaphor for life that not only teaches players about the game, but also helps them discover important aspects about themselves. At a young age, I did not realize all the beneficial life lessons that the world of sports has taught me, but as I experience high school athleticsRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports831 Words   |  4 PagesSports are more than just an opportunity to go outside and burn off some energy. They are more than just a way to get in shape and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Athletics are a metaphor for life that not only teaches players about the game, but helps them discover im portant aspects about themselves. At a young age, I did not realize all the beneficial life lessons that the world of sports has taught me, but as I experience high school athletics, I cherish the advice the game shares with me. SinceRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports1356 Words   |  6 PagesEvery year, millions of people gather in hordes to flood massive football stadiums and crowd in front of seventy-two inch flat screens, beers stacked high and spirits even higher. Football and other sports have become woven into the very fabric of our nation, a unifying force and one creating a common ground for people of all different ideas. Yet, the overpayment of professional athletes has societal implications far beyond just income inequality based upon contributions to the national communityRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports1080 Words   |  5 Pagesseventy percent of kids quit sports by age thirteen due to their parents’ pressure and their excuse is â€Å"it is not fun anymore† (Miner). Parents need to understand there is a difference between encouraging their child’s ability and stressing them out (Braff). Although sports are very enjoyable, I believe that if parents pus h their kids too hard to be the best in sports, it has a negative effect on how they feel about playing the sport because they will get burned out in the sport and they will end up hatingRead MoreImportance Of Sports In Sports773 Words   |  4 Pagesteenager, my parents forced me into playing sports with the Catholic Youth Organization (CYO), however, strongly contributed to my overall personal moral development to where I stand today. The goal for participating in sports is to be active, have fun, and to have a positive sport experience through learning and practice of fundamental skills. In a blog entitled †Sports and Moral Development† by Michael W. Austin, he uses the book â€Å"Moral Development and Sport, by Carwyn Jones and Mike McNamee, by discussingRead MoreImportance Of Sports1076 Words   |  5 PagesPlaying sports are incredibly important to improve yourself as a person. First, playing sports helps maintain strong relationships with others. Next, it keeps you in contact with great performance levels in school. Finally, participating in sports boosts your self esteem. Continue reading to understand the importance of participating in sports. Playing sports helps maintain close relationships with others. â€Å"Playing sports enable you to create friendships you otherwise might not have formed. SportsRead MoreImportance Of Sport1702 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is interesting about sport? Sport: small word, big concept. The purpose of this essay is to highlight what aspects of sport are interesting, further linking it to a specific discipline. There are many disciplines within sport that are interesting, however, from my point of view, sociology is the most interesting one as it gives a true picture to what sports is like within society, in addition it emphasises the significance of sport in society since the early nineteenth century (Bell, 2009)

The Importance Of Sports In Sports - 1043 Words

are my top 5. First – The Aggies running game will allow them to control and dictate the pace of this game. Currently, Texas AM ranks 2nd in the SEC in rushing offense, and Arkansas checks in 6th. They are averaging nearly 38 points per game, and have done some real damage on the ground, rushing for 756 yards in their three contests. The Aggies has 4 RBs, who have already rushed for 100 yards this season, including both RB Kendall Bussey (204) and RB Trayveon Williams (256) who have each gone over 200 yards. The two RBs have also combined to score 4 TDS with RB Williams also averaging a solid 7.8 yards per carry as well. RB Keith Ford is the 4th back in the rotation and he has 140 yards rushing and 3 TDs so far this season. The Aggies†¦show more content†¦So far, the Arkansas’ WRs have been mostly ineffective in their last 2 games. In total, this group has just 15 catches for 184 yards with 6 WR recording a catch this season. Fourth – But, all the blame can’t be placed solely on Allen as he is a solid QB and we have seen what he can do. However, this season is a little different as his OL is not as strong as before and his WRs from last season are gone. In fact, this season Arkansas is starting two former walk-ons on the OL, a converted 3-star D-lineman and the â€Å"Big Uglies† has struggled to provide him protection he needs in the first 2 games. Recruiting reports has shown that since the 204-15 seasons, Bielema has been failing to bring in and sign a stable of 4-star OL recruits and it has caused the problems for his offense today. Arkansas game plan on offense is to establish the run, grind it out, win time of possession, let the OL and RBs impose their will against the opponent. Well, that has not been working and the lack of top solid OL recruits has really shown up this season. Fifth – Arkansas Non-SEC Caliber Defense. The problem for the Hogs this year is that they will have a defense that rates as one of the worst in the SEC. Arkansas has a solid offense in the backfield, but the Aggies can negate them with their front 7 on defense. In fact, the Razorbacks defense rate out at 10th or worse in the SEC in all three levels of the defense coming in to the season. They play in the vauntedShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Sports In Sports1348 Words   |  6 PagesMy whole life I’ve participated in a variety of different sports. At some point every one of my coaches, no matter the sport, have had to encourage me to try and have a more positive mindset. To me, losing or being bad at a sport hurts more than any physical pain I’ve ever experienced. When I was a small child it took the amount of time to go through a drive through for me to learn and compete with other children in most sports. Athletics just came naturally to me. I remember he aring adultsRead MoreImportance Of Sports In Sports758 Words   |  4 Pages Sports have always been a part of my life since I was a little kid. My parents urged me to participate in every sport possible to find the best fit for me. Their focus was to have me always stay active with something that I enjoyed. From soccer to softball to basketball, I found that cross country was the sport for me; I fell in love with running. In elementary school mileage club, a program that the school created to get kids to stay active as well as have fun, was a stepping stone into my runningRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports888 Words   |  4 PagesAs of right now, were seemingly wrapping up what was the craziest NBA off-season in the history of the league. Crazy may not even be the best word to describe it. In fact, momentous may be the ideal word to describe the madness weve witnessed for the past few months. Teams began training camp earlier this week, and 12-time all-star Dwyane Wade  reunited with LeBron James and the Cleveland Cavaliers just two days ago. Normally, when star players make the transition to a new team, questions instantlyRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports925 Words   |  4 Pagesjust lifting weights or concocting protein shakes. Sports are more than an opportunity to go outside and burn off some energy. Recreation activities are more than a way to get in shape and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Athletics are a metaphor for life that not only teaches players about the game, but also helps them discover important aspects about themselves. At a young age, I did not realize all the beneficial life lessons that the world of sports has taught me, but as I experience high school athleticsRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports831 Words   |  4 PagesSports are more than just an opportunity to go outside and burn off some energy. They are more than just a way to get in shape and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Athletics are a metaphor for life that not only teaches players about the game, but helps them discover im portant aspects about themselves. At a young age, I did not realize all the beneficial life lessons that the world of sports has taught me, but as I experience high school athletics, I cherish the advice the game shares with me. SinceRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports1356 Words   |  6 PagesEvery year, millions of people gather in hordes to flood massive football stadiums and crowd in front of seventy-two inch flat screens, beers stacked high and spirits even higher. Football and other sports have become woven into the very fabric of our nation, a unifying force and one creating a common ground for people of all different ideas. Yet, the overpayment of professional athletes has societal implications far beyond just income inequality based upon contributions to the national communityRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports1080 Words   |  5 Pagesseventy percent of kids quit sports by age thirteen due to their parents’ pressure and their excuse is â€Å"it is not fun anymore† (Miner). Parents need to understand there is a difference between encouraging their child’s ability and stressing them out (Braff). Although sports are very enjoyable, I believe that if parents pus h their kids too hard to be the best in sports, it has a negative effect on how they feel about playing the sport because they will get burned out in the sport and they will end up hatingRead MoreImportance Of Sports In Sports773 Words   |  4 Pagesteenager, my parents forced me into playing sports with the Catholic Youth Organization (CYO), however, strongly contributed to my overall personal moral development to where I stand today. The goal for participating in sports is to be active, have fun, and to have a positive sport experience through learning and practice of fundamental skills. In a blog entitled †Sports and Moral Development† by Michael W. Austin, he uses the book â€Å"Moral Development and Sport, by Carwyn Jones and Mike McNamee, by discussingRead MoreImportance Of Sports1076 Words   |  5 PagesPlaying sports are incredibly important to improve yourself as a person. First, playing sports helps maintain strong relationships with others. Next, it keeps you in contact with great performance levels in school. Finally, participating in sports boosts your self esteem. Continue reading to understand the importance of participating in sports. Playing sports helps maintain close relationships with others. â€Å"Playing sports enable you to create friendships you otherwise might not have formed. SportsRead MoreImportance Of Sport1702 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is interesting about sport? Sport: small word, big concept. The purpose of this essay is to highlight what aspects of sport are interesting, further linking it to a specific discipline. There are many disciplines within sport that are interesting, however, from my point of view, sociology is the most interesting one as it gives a true picture to what sports is like within society, in addition it emphasises the significance of sport in society since the early nineteenth century (Bell, 2009)

The Importance Of Sports In Sports - 1043 Words

are my top 5. First – The Aggies running game will allow them to control and dictate the pace of this game. Currently, Texas AM ranks 2nd in the SEC in rushing offense, and Arkansas checks in 6th. They are averaging nearly 38 points per game, and have done some real damage on the ground, rushing for 756 yards in their three contests. The Aggies has 4 RBs, who have already rushed for 100 yards this season, including both RB Kendall Bussey (204) and RB Trayveon Williams (256) who have each gone over 200 yards. The two RBs have also combined to score 4 TDS with RB Williams also averaging a solid 7.8 yards per carry as well. RB Keith Ford is the 4th back in the rotation and he has 140 yards rushing and 3 TDs so far this season. The Aggies†¦show more content†¦So far, the Arkansas’ WRs have been mostly ineffective in their last 2 games. In total, this group has just 15 catches for 184 yards with 6 WR recording a catch this season. Fourth – But, all the blame can’t be placed solely on Allen as he is a solid QB and we have seen what he can do. However, this season is a little different as his OL is not as strong as before and his WRs from last season are gone. In fact, this season Arkansas is starting two former walk-ons on the OL, a converted 3-star D-lineman and the â€Å"Big Uglies† has struggled to provide him protection he needs in the first 2 games. Recruiting reports has shown that since the 204-15 seasons, Bielema has been failing to bring in and sign a stable of 4-star OL recruits and it has caused the problems for his offense today. Arkansas game plan on offense is to establish the run, grind it out, win time of possession, let the OL and RBs impose their will against the opponent. Well, that has not been working and the lack of top solid OL recruits has really shown up this season. Fifth – Arkansas Non-SEC Caliber Defense. The problem for the Hogs this year is that they will have a defense that rates as one of the worst in the SEC. Arkansas has a solid offense in the backfield, but the Aggies can negate them with their front 7 on defense. In fact, the Razorbacks defense rate out at 10th or worse in the SEC in all three levels of the defense coming in to the season. They play in the vauntedShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Sports In Sports1348 Words   |  6 PagesMy whole life I’ve participated in a variety of different sports. At some point every one of my coaches, no matter the sport, have had to encourage me to try and have a more positive mindset. To me, losing or being bad at a sport hurts more than any physical pain I’ve ever experienced. When I was a small child it took the amount of time to go through a drive through for me to learn and compete with other children in most sports. Athletics just came naturally to me. I remember he aring adultsRead MoreImportance Of Sports In Sports758 Words   |  4 Pages Sports have always been a part of my life since I was a little kid. My parents urged me to participate in every sport possible to find the best fit for me. Their focus was to have me always stay active with something that I enjoyed. From soccer to softball to basketball, I found that cross country was the sport for me; I fell in love with running. In elementary school mileage club, a program that the school created to get kids to stay active as well as have fun, was a stepping stone into my runningRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports888 Words   |  4 PagesAs of right now, were seemingly wrapping up what was the craziest NBA off-season in the history of the league. Crazy may not even be the best word to describe it. In fact, momentous may be the ideal word to describe the madness weve witnessed for the past few months. Teams began training camp earlier this week, and 12-time all-star Dwyane Wade  reunited with LeBron James and the Cleveland Cavaliers just two days ago. Normally, when star players make the transition to a new team, questions instantlyRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports925 Words   |  4 Pagesjust lifting weights or concocting protein shakes. Sports are more than an opportunity to go outside and burn off some energy. Recreation activities are more than a way to get in shape and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Athletics are a metaphor for life that not only teaches players about the game, but also helps them discover important aspects about themselves. At a young age, I did not realize all the beneficial life lessons that the world of sports has taught me, but as I experience high school athleticsRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports831 Words   |  4 PagesSports are more than just an opportunity to go outside and burn off some energy. They are more than just a way to get in shape and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Athletics are a metaphor for life that not only teaches players about the game, but helps them discover im portant aspects about themselves. At a young age, I did not realize all the beneficial life lessons that the world of sports has taught me, but as I experience high school athletics, I cherish the advice the game shares with me. SinceRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports1356 Words   |  6 PagesEvery year, millions of people gather in hordes to flood massive football stadiums and crowd in front of seventy-two inch flat screens, beers stacked high and spirits even higher. Football and other sports have become woven into the very fabric of our nation, a unifying force and one creating a common ground for people of all different ideas. Yet, the overpayment of professional athletes has societal implications far beyond just income inequality based upon contributions to the national communityRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports1080 Words   |  5 Pagesseventy percent of kids quit sports by age thirteen due to their parents’ pressure and their excuse is â€Å"it is not fun anymore† (Miner). Parents need to understand there is a difference between encouraging their child’s ability and stressing them out (Braff). Although sports are very enjoyable, I believe that if parents pus h their kids too hard to be the best in sports, it has a negative effect on how they feel about playing the sport because they will get burned out in the sport and they will end up hatingRead MoreImportance Of Sports In Sports773 Words   |  4 Pagesteenager, my parents forced me into playing sports with the Catholic Youth Organization (CYO), however, strongly contributed to my overall personal moral development to where I stand today. The goal for participating in sports is to be active, have fun, and to have a positive sport experience through learning and practice of fundamental skills. In a blog entitled †Sports and Moral Development† by Michael W. Austin, he uses the book â€Å"Moral Development and Sport, by Carwyn Jones and Mike McNamee, by discussingRead MoreImportance Of Sports1076 Words   |  5 PagesPlaying sports are incredibly important to improve yourself as a person. First, playing sports helps maintain strong relationships with others. Next, it keeps you in contact with great performance levels in school. Finally, participating in sports boosts your self esteem. Continue reading to understand the importance of participating in sports. Playing sports helps maintain close relationships with others. â€Å"Playing sports enable you to create friendships you otherwise might not have formed. SportsRead MoreImportance Of Sport1702 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is interesting about sport? Sport: small word, big concept. The purpose of this essay is to highlight what aspects of sport are interesting, further linking it to a specific discipline. There are many disciplines within sport that are interesting, however, from my point of view, sociology is the most interesting one as it gives a true picture to what sports is like within society, in addition it emphasises the significance of sport in society since the early nineteenth century (Bell, 2009)

The Number One Article on Best Term Writing Service

The Number One Article on Best Term Writing Service It's fine to get writing assistance if you need it. Our term paper writing service enables customers to select the writer they wish to work with based on their abilities and assignment requirements. The job of an ideal term paper writing service is to give precise writing solutions to the students exactly according to their requirements and suggestions. The response to the question of how to discover the very best writing service isn't an easy one. All the above should be in details mentioned on the official site of the company Make sure it is possible to give the directions on the writing procedure to writer and provide your own sources to utilize in writing. Moreover, our site blog consists of free writing tips and tutorials to help prospective clients in addition to for students who only require academic guidance. In order to comprehend how to analyze the information provided and make the right decision when reading the perfect essay writing service reviews, you should understand the best way to choose the service which will have the capability to cover all your academic writing needs. To save you time and be more productive, we've designed a wide array of essay writing services that you may use as a resource for your own work. Up in Arms About Best Term Writing Service? When you see yourself here, you want to begin considering how to locate the correct paper writing company. There is a wonderful paper captivate. If y ou choose to order a term paper or another paper from us, you can expect to get simply the ideal term paper quality with each document we handle! It is possible to always rely on professional research paper writing services when you require assistance with paper writing. Therefore, you might rest assured your term paper service is going to be delivered by means of a pro. So, you may rest assured your term paper service is going to be delivered by means of a pro. So, you may rest assured your term paper service is going to be delivered by means of a pro. Indeed, a term paper service is simply like its writers, which means you want to come across a high quality support. You have to be sure that you get a terrific deal instead of merely some old, cheap, term papers. If you're probably not going to order term paper, you're likely to need to memorize it. A lot of custom term paper writing services can be found the net. It should not be too wordy or sophisticated. With BestEssayWritingService, you can be sure you will acquire original superior work at very very affordable prices and written to perfection. If you're using writing services online for the very first time and not certain how it works, you may always contact our support agent who will help you through all the stages starting with the purchase placement right until the last paper is delivered to you. You must choose a safe research paper writing service which guarantees timely delivery of all orders, no matter their urgency and complexity. At the end, you can wind up receiving a plagiarized or very low excellent paper from precisely the same company you were led to believe was the ver y best. Best Term Writing Service Withonline reviewsof thebestandtopservices out there, you can earn an educated decision on what writing service you ought to choose. You simply need to employ the right writing service! In addition, editing services are much cheaper than custom sample writing. You're probably looking for the best educational composing service that can be found on the net, which will be exactly why you've came across our website. The info about customers ought to be inaccessible to third parties and the general public. Stay within the conventional pricing in the writing industry, and you are going to have an extensive variety of high-quality services to choose from. The business should guarantee the plagiarism-free custom made writing. Many businesses declare that each customer receives the personal writer.

Crash Film Review

Question: Discuss about theCrashfor Film Review. Answer: Introduction The movie is set up in America which is a multicultural society due to immigration. However, the society has several cultural minorities as well as dominant cultures. The cultural minorities identified in the movie include Caucasian, Asian, Latino, Persian, and Porto Rican (Cheadle and Haggis, 2004). Racial bias was depicted in the film on several occasions. The first instance if racial bias in the movie occurred after the accident that involved Graham Water the L.A Detective, his partner Ria, and Kim Lee. After the crash, they engaged in racial insults that included stereotyping the Asians claiming that they cannot drive. The second instance was when a father and his daughter were in a shop speaking in the Persian language. The white shop attendant started making racist comments towards them. The third occurrence of the racial bias when two black men who flashed guns towards Rick Cabot and his wife Jean demanding for the car (Cheadle and Haggis, 2004). The scene shows how black people are viewed as criminals by the media. Health care practitioners play essential roles in the promotion of same health care delivery. One of the critical skills the practitioner must have is the ability to identify discrimination as well as their risks users (Mayberry et al., 2006). Also, the practitioner must be able to determine and respond to the various needs of the diverse patient and caregivers. Also, the health care practitioner must ensure that the different services represent diversity and good equality. Moreover, the RN need to make sure that the patients can contribute towards their care and improve their health by supporting and empowering the patients, carers, and service users (Mayberry et al., 2006). Majority of people believe that only the white people are competent in the healthcare industry. This is seen in the hospital scene where Ryan tells Shaniqua, the HMO supervisor that she is not qualified for the job and he can think of other white people that qualify for her job (Cheadle and Haggis, 2004). Moreover, it is widely believed that only men can perform better as doctors. However, Dorri who is a doctor proves otherwise as she does her job just like any other man can do. Other health disparities present in the clip include age, location, and social economic status. Healthcare is a critical service in the community and should be delivered to all the people without discrimination. Therefore, it is essential that some approaches are used to ensure that the ethnocentricity of multicultural bias is eliminated in the healthcare practice. The first method involves the removal of obstacles to social inclusion (Boyce Holmes, 2012). The elimination of discrimination of people because of their color, sex, and race will help in the strengthening of an inclusive society. The second approach involves the use of comprehensive policy frameworks (Boyce Holmes, 2012). Such systems ensure that public institutions such as hospitals and schools provide equitable services to the citizens as required by the law. The third approach is the focus on the cost and benefits of social inclusion (Clancy et al., 2014). The inclusion of the society will help prevent adverse effects such as increased crime rates, brain drain, and instability among others. References Boyce, T. Holmes, A. (2012). Addressing Health Inequalities in the Delivery of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Programme: Examining the Role of the School Nurse. PLOS. Clancy, C., Uchendu, U., Jones, K. (2014). Excellence and Equality in Health Care. American Journal Of Public Health, 104(S4), S527-S528. Don Cheadle. (Producer) Hagis, P. (Director). (2004). Crash. United States: Lions Gate Films. Mayberry, R., Nicewander, D., Qin, H., Ballard, D. (2006). Improving quality and reducing inequities: a challenge in achieving best care. Baylor Health Care System, 19(2), 103118.

Marijuana Effects Essays - Medicinal Plants, Cannabis Smoking

Marijuana Effects Marijuana is a mood altering or psychoactive drug that has many nicknames, such as pot, weed, ganja, sensi, herb, and others. It is an ancient drug that dates back to hundreds of years to Asia. Many cultures have used it during meditation, religious worship, and for intoxication. Marijuana itself comes from the Indian Hemp plant. It is the third most widely used drug in the United States, according to a survey taken in 1988, and it is the number one illegally used drug in the United States. Marijuana is so popular that an estimated one out of every three people in the US have tried it and around 44% of US high school students have smoked it. Marijuana users are not easily detectable, nor is the drug just used in one area of society. The Indian Hemp plant is found all over the world, including the US. There are three different types of Indian Hemp. They are Cannabis Sativa, Cannabis Indica, and Cannabis Rudderalis. These three plants vary in size and mood altering effect. The hemp plant has many uses and has been farmed for centuries. Marijuana can be taken in three ways, by eating, made into a tea, or smoking (the most popular). Smoking it can be done three ways, through a pipe, a joint, blunt. A joint is a rolled piece of paper that is twisted at the ends. A blunt is normally an emptied cigar wrapper filled with marijuana. In a blunt you can fit much more marijuana. Though a blunt isn't always purely marijuana, it can be mixed with other drugs such as angel dust. The results are varied when someone smokes marijuana. Different people will get different results, and certain types of cannabis can cause different effects. The amount of THC (marijuana's main Active chemical) may also change the result. If alcohol, or other drug use is occurring while smoking marijuana, the effect could be different. A first time marijuana smoker will probably feel no effect. A chronic or heavy user will get a high (intoxication). When a person is high, normal sights, sounds, tastes, or events can seem very funny or interesting. When intoxicated, time seems to pass a lot slower. To the user, minutes will seem like hours. The intoxicated person may get very thirsty or hungry, a common effect called, " the munchies." A few minutes after the person inhales they will probably get a dry mouth, rapid heartbeat, decreased reaction time, and also a loss of coordination. The blood vessels in the user's eyes will probably enlarge, giving the person a blood shot appearance. Within 2 to 3 hours the effects will die down and the person will feel sleepy. How is marijuana harmful? There are many ways that marijuana can harm the body, both the immediate effect and long term effects. It often disables the users short-term memory and may cause trouble with challenging tasks. Even very simple tasks can become a struggle for someone who is high. A student that is under the influence of marijuana may find it hard to learn or concentrate. A persons timing and coordination are normally delayed by marijuana. As a result the person will be very confused and useless. The effect marijuana can have on the brain and central nervous system are very serious. Smoking marijuana will reduce the strength and speed of communications between the mind and body. This occurs in the brain and muscles, causing the user to not be as focused. Short-term marijuana use leads to a drowsiness and relaxing effect. This is why marijuana users have trouble remembering things. A heavy dose of marijuana can decrease the amount of blood pumped into the brain. Marijuana effects the brain's control over muscles also. Heavy usage of marijuana can have a lasting effect on the users short- term memory. The blood flow to the back of the brain is greater than the front, after smoking. This is believed to cause the high sensation the user is after. The short-term effect of marijuana will increase blood pressure and pulse rate up to 16 points above normal. It will also slow down the digestive processing of food. People who smoke marijuana often will

CLASS PERCEPTION AND COGNITION

CLASS: PERCEPTION AND COGNITION Herman Ebbinghaus (1885) wrote about memory and addressed issues such as how do we remember some things and apparently not others. He distinguishes a group of mental states which once present in consciousness return to it with apparent spontaneity and without any act of the will; that is, they are reproduced involuntarily....as more exact observation teaches us, the occurrence of these involuntary reproductions is not an entirely random and accidental one. On the contrary they are brought about through the instrumentality of other, immediately present mental images. Any memory is liable to distortion and is a result of many different processes such as age, decay in the brain, displacement and interference. To distort something is to misrepresent something when retrieving it from memory. A good example is shown in eye - witness testimonies where facts and statements can become distorted and put out of context. Patients who have suffered head trauma tend to have distortions of m! emory depending on the part of the brain that has been injured. They sometimes fabbricate or confabulate when trying to recall past events or experiences. Eyewitness testimony is a much debated subject in psychology. In court, juries have believed the eye witness and sent innocent people to jail on account of hearing one testimony. In one case there were eight other witnesses testifying that the accused were with them. The jury then went away and found the two men guilty even after the victim of the attack admitted that he saw his assailants only briefly. One may suppose that an eyewitness, on observation of an event that would not be part of everyday life, like a crime, would notice much more and be able to remember it much better when asked to r

Tlaxcallan - Mesoamerican Stronghold Against the Aztecs

Tlaxcallan - Mesoamerican Stronghold Against the Aztecs Tlaxcallan was a Late Postclassic period city-state, built beginning about 1250 AD on the tops and slopes of several hills on the east side of the Basin of Mexico near modern day Mexico City. It was the capital of a territory known as Tlaxcala, a relatively small polity (1,400 square kilometers or about 540 square miles), located in the northern portion of the Pueblo-Tlaxcala region of Mexico today. It was one of a few stubborn hold outs never conquered by the powerful Aztec Empire. It was so stubborn that Tlaxcallan sided with the Spanish and made the overthrow of the Aztec empire possible. A Dangerous Enemy The Texcalteca (as the people of Tlaxcala are called) shared technology, social forms and cultural elements of other Nahua groups, including the origin myth of Chichemec migrants settling central Mexico and the adoption of farming and culture of the Toltecs. But they viewed the Aztec Triple Alliance as a dangerous enemy, and fiercely resisted the placement of an imperial apparatus into their communities. By 1519, when the Spanish arrived, Tlaxcallan held an estimated 22,500-48,000 people in an area of just 4.5 square kilometers (1.3 square miles or 1100 acres), with a population density of about 50-107 per hectare and domestic and public architecture covering about 3 sq km (740 ac) of the site. The City Unlike most Mesoamerican capital cities of the era, there were no palaces or pyramids at Tlaxcallan, and only a relatively few and small temples. In a series of pedestrian surveys, Fargher et al. found 24 plazas dispersed around the city, ranging in size from 450 to 10,000 square metersup to about 2.5 acres in size. The plazas were designed for public use; some small low temples were created at the edges. None of the plazas seems to have played a central role in the life of the city. Each plaza was surrounded by terraces on top of which were built ordinary houses. Little evidence of social stratification is in evidence; the most labor-intensive construction in Tlaxcallan is that of the residential terraces: perhaps 50 kilometers (31 miles) of such terraces were made in the city. The main urban zone was divided into at least 20 neighborhoods, each focused on its own plaza; each one was likely administered and represented by an official. Although there is no governmental complex within the city, the site of Tizatlan, located about 1 km (.6 mi) outside of the city across unoccupied rugged terrain may have acted in that role. Governmental Center of Tizatlan Tizatlans public architecture is the same size as the Aztec king Nezahualcoyotls palace in Texcoco, but instead of the typical palace layout of small patios surrounded by large numbers of residential rooms, Tizatlan is made up of small rooms surrounded by a massive plaza. Scholars believe it functioned as a central place for the pre-conquest territory of Tlaxcala, serving as many as 162,000 to 250,000 persons dispersed throughout the state in about 200 small towns and villages. Tizatlan had no palace or residential occupation, and Fargher and colleagues argue that the location of the site outside of town, lacking residences and with little rooms and big plazas, is evidence that Tlaxcala functioned as an independent republic. The power in the region was placed in the hands of a ruling council rather than a hereditary monarch. Ethnohistoric reports suggest that a council of between 50-200 officials governed Tlaxcala. How Did They Maintain Independence? The Spanish conquistador Hernn Cortà ©s said the Texcalteca kept their independence because they lived in freedom: they had no ruler-centered government, and the society was egalitarian compared to much of the rest of Mesoamerica. And Fargher and associates think thats right. Tlaxcallan resisted incorporation into the Triple Alliance empire despite being completely surrounded by it, and despite numerous Aztec military campaigns against it. Aztec attacks on Tlaxcallan were the among the bloodiest of battles waged by the Aztecs; both early historical sources Diego Muà ±oz Camargo and the Spanish inquisition leader Torquemada reported stories about the defeats that pushed the last Aztec king Montezuma to tears. Despite Cortes admiring remarks, many ethnohistoric documents from the Spanish and Native sources state that the continued independence of the Tlaxcala state was because the Aztecs allowed their independence. Instead, the Aztecs claimed they purposefully used Tlaxcallan as a place to provide military training events for Aztec soldiers and as a source for obtaining sacrificial bodies for imperial rituals, known as the Flowery Wars. There is no doubt that the ongoing battles with the Aztec Triple Alliance were costly to Tlaxcallan, interrupting trade routes and creating havoc. But as Tlaxcallan held its own against the empire, it saw an enormous influx of political dissidents and uprooted families. These refugees included Otomi and Pinome speakers fleeing imperial control and warfare from other polities who fell to the Aztec empire. The immigrants augmented Tlaxcalas military force and were fiercely loyal to their new state. Tlaxcallan Support of the Spanish, or Vice Versa? The main story line about Tlaxcallan is that the Spanish were able to conquer Tenochtitlan only because the Tlaxcaltecas defected from the Aztec hegemony and threw their military support behind them. In a handful of letters back to his king Charles V, Cortes claimed that the Tlaxcaltecas became his vassals, and that they were instrumental in helping him defeat the Spanish. But is that an accurate description of the politics of the Aztec fall? Ross Hassig (1999) argues that the Spanish accounts of the events of their conquest of Tenochtitlan are not necessarily accurate. He argues specifically that Cortes claim that the Tlaxcaltecas were his vassals is disingenous, that in fact they had very real political reasons to support the Spanish. The Fall of an Empire By 1519, Tlaxcallan was the only polity left standing: they were completely surrounded by the Aztecs and saw the Spanish as allies with superior weapons (cannons, harquebuses, crossbows and horsemen). The Tlaxcaltecas could have defeated the Spanish or simply withdrawn when they appeared in Tlaxcallan, but their decision to ally with the Spanish was a savvy political one. Many of the decisions made by Cortessuch as the massacre of the Chololtec rulers and selection of a new noble to be kinghad to have been plans devised by Tlaxcallan. After the death of the last Aztec king, Montezuma (aka Moteuczoma), the remaining true vassal states to the Aztecs made the choice to support them or throw in with the Spanishmost chose to side with the Spanish. Hassig argues that Tenochtitlan fell not as a result of the Spanish superiority, but at the hands of tens of thousands of angry Mesoamericans. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Aztec Empire, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Carballo DM, and Pluckhahn T. 2007. Transportation corridors and political evolution in highland Mesoamerica: Settlement analyses incorporating GIS for northern Tlaxcala, Mexico. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26:607–629. Fargher LF, Blanton RE, and Espinoza VYH. 2010. Egalitarian ideology and political power in prehispanic central Mexico: the case of Tlaxcallan. Latin American Antiquity 21(3):227-251. Fargher LF, Blanton RE, Heredia Espinoza VY, Millhauser J, Xiuhtecutli N, and Overholtzer L. 2011. Tlaxcallan: the archaeology of an ancient republic in the New World. Antiquity 85(327):172-186. Hassig R. 1999. War, politics and the conquest of Mexico. In: Black J, editor. War in the Early Modern World 1450-1815. London: Routledge. p 207-236. Millhauser JK, Fargher LF, Heredia Espinoza VY, and Blanton RE. 2015. The geopolitics of obsidian supply in Postclassic Tlaxcallan: A portable X-ray fluorescence study. Journal of Archaeological Science 58:133-146.

Indian Camp and Barn Burning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Indian Camp and Barn Burning - Research Paper Example s with the reality of cruelty in the world--with war, violence, death, racism, and hatred--while others deal with family, friends, or community issues† (2010). Both Hemingways Indian Camp and Faulkners Barn Burning transparently fit these criteria, but the stories have very different trajectories and symbolisms. While both Indian Camp and Barn Burning are coming of age stories, Indian Camps trajectory of responsibility has to do with the institutions and culture surrounding the phenomenon of death as well as the phenomenon itself, while Barn Burning has to do with realizing the limitations of ones parents and transcending them. In Indian Camp, Nick enters the story at an unknown age, but presumably as a younger teenager. He is young enough that his father feels that it must be explained that â€Å"This lady is going to have a baby†, but old enough that he knows what this means. But by the end of the story, Nick has been exposed to a trifecta: Death, birth and the connected sexuality, and pain and violence of a sort (Tetlow, 1992, pg. 53-55). He is exposed to the horrible blood and death of the Indian fathers suicide: â€Å"He pulled back the blanket from the Indians head. His hand came away wet. He mounted on the edge of the lower bunk with the lamp in one hand and looked in. The Indian lay with his face toward the wall. His throat had been cut from ear to ear. The blood had flowed down into a pool where his body sagged the bunk. His head rested on his left arm. The open razor lay, edge up, in the blankets†. He is exposed to sexuality and its costs by the birth of the child and by the relatio nship between the Indian woman and her husband. He is exposed to birth and its potential costs and dangers, and his father has to explain that not all births are that perilous. He is exposed to violence, to the way knives and razors both help and hurt. This is far too much for a kid to take in. Nicks father could be accused of callousness when he says, â€Å"But her screams are

Relationship maintainance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Relationship maintainance - Essay Example It ensures that none of the members has more benefits others within the society provided they have the same qualifications. It is not certain whether nepotism is right or wrong in the society; however, individuals in countries such as China believe in nepotism. Many people have different perceptions and beliefs concerning nepotism. Nepotism is a direct act of favoritism to other persons due to a given relationship status with such persons (Jones, 9). It does not consider merit in the allocation of opportunities or resources. Nepotism seems to favor a few individuals in the society; however, it is not fair in the modern world especially in educational and corporate institutions. Although it may be beneficial to some individuals, it could result in negative consequences in the long-term. Such consequences involve the denial of the acquisition of communication skills alongside other important skills due to overdependence on family networks and relationships. People who depend on nepotism for opportunities do not show effort or commitment to their work because they sure of their strong networks. China is one of the largest countries in the world. It is also one of the oldest civilizations and has improved technologically over the years. Many students graduate every year from higher learning institutions with expectations of easily securing working opportunities. However, it is difficult for such graduates to find employment despite having all the desired qualifications. This is because, for one to find a job they require higher educational qualifications, work experience, and above all a perfect network. A perfect network involves the ability to maintain constant visits to the home of a person in authority for a long time. For instance, I needed to find a job once I graduated. My father had already started a relationship with a particular manager a long time ago. This is because he needed the manager to

Emma Gifford Poems Essay Example for Free

Emma Gifford Poems Essay Hardy shows a various amount of thoughts, feelings and concerns throughout the Veteris Vestigia Frammae section of his poems. These emotions always differ depending on the memory he is recalling to the place where it took place and even general differences between the way he feels about his late wife, Emma.  To start with in the first poem The Going, Hardy shows feelings of guilt and blame towards Emma. The first line of the poem, why did you give no hint that night straight away shows that Hardy is blaming Emma for her own death when she didnt even know herself that she was going to die just that she was quite ill. In this poem Hardy doesnt show guilt straight out but he does it by asking many questions in the poem but never giving any answers, it seems as if he doesnt, maybe even cant explain the way he feels due to Emmas death. Another emotion shown in this poem is resentment, resentment for the fact that they did not speak and she died without him being able to say what she meant to him. I Found Her Out There is also one of Hardys poems that shows many emotions and some concerns of his about where Emma had been buried. Hardys main concern is the fact that he wants Emma to be in her childhood home of Cornwall where she loved to be but instead she is buried in Wessex where they lived. In the poem Hardy says that he wants Emma to be where she once domiciled. This shows that Hardy wanted Emma to return to her home where she once was as he knows that she enjoyed her life there more than what she did in Wessex. Hardy uses the word creep to describe the way Emma would move underground, this seems to be an odd word to describe how the woman you love would move. In this case it seems as though he uses it to express his regret and how morbid it is without her but also morbid for him to remember that she loved Cornwall more than him and he knew that that was where she belonged no matter what. Hardy also uses to word shade to represent Emmas soul which also seems a little strange as it would be her soul that would move if anything was going to not her shade which to me means her shadow as she doesnt have one now. This to me represents that Hardy cant and maybe dont want to believe that she has gone and he will never be able to make things better between them and make her happy like she once was. Without Ceremony is also a good poem that shows a lot of Hardys emotions as I think it can be seen as his way of having a break down as he is being haunted by the past. This poem is addressed to Emma which shows that it means a lot to him and is rather sentimental but also it shows how strong and powerful his words are and how much they generally mean to him. The very first line shows affection as he calls Emma, my dear, this however is not the way it was when she was alive. We can see from this that either he is imagining things or is wishing how could have been. The poem to me shows a confession from Hardy as he says a lot of things that he never got a chance to say to her but always wanted to but also he lets out some of his grief and regrets. It also shows slightly how it used to be for them being together but never being with each other. For example, before I had thought thereon showing that he neglected her and wasnt there for her even when she needed him to be. Hardy even went as far to say that he inferred which to me is him telling himself that it wasnt all his fault but he is also questioning if they acted like a couple when they were around others but went their separate ways when no one was around. The last line of the poem, Good-bye is not worth while! is a very strong statement to finish on. This can shows a number of thoughts and feeling from Hardy, it could mean something as simple as it is exactly what Emma did as neither of them said bye. But it could also mean how much of pretence their relationship was and how little it meant to Emma in his eyes. Lastly it could show his grief and regret of loving her but not being in love with her, as it shows that he had more to say to her and wished that he could now so to him for not doing that he doesnt deserve a good-bye from her.

Civil War Essay -- American History Civil War

The election of Lincoln, secession of the southern states and the Confederate States of America Constitution set the stage for the bloodiest and saddest war in American history. Before the Civil War even began the nation was divided into four very distinct regions; Northeast, Northwest, Upper south and the Southwest. With two fundamentally different labor systems, slavery in the south and wage labor in the North, the political, economic and social changes across the nation would show the views of the North and the South. The civil war was based on the abolitionists' ideas of emancipation and liberation of slavery the North wanted the war in order to create a society without slavery. The North's aggression to control the south lead to the where were it was no longer tolerable for the South. With the election of the anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln, the southern states decided they had to take drastic action in order to protect their own interests. The south had been waiting fo r an excuse to secede form the union, the election of Lincoln by the North was their chance. The Northern abolitionists' states were mainly responsible for the Civil war in many political, social and economic aspects. Politically, the Northerners contributed immensely to the opening of the Civil War. John Brown's Raid at Harpers Ferry made the south believe the Northerners had a whole scheme to ban slavery. The South wondered how or why they would remain in the Union when a "murderous gang of abolitionists" were running around. Southerners also believed that this violent abolitionist's view was a common one shared by the entire North. This act of the North made the South resent the North's pushy ways and begin to think of leaving the Union. The Dred... ...nt to the south to free the slaves from their masters and the Underground Railroad that secretly moved slaves from safe house to safe house until they were in Canada, tremendously angered the South. They realized that they needed to fight in order to get the independence they wished for, so then there could therefore do what they wished. Politically, the North further split the views on issues and developed more laws against slavery in the South. Socially the North strengthened their own cause in the because of things like Uncle Tom's cabin; that lead to Northerners forming the Underground Railroad. Economically, the South was crushed with protection tariffs that emptied out southern pockets. The North most definitely contributed to the Political, Social and Economic issues that divided and angered the country in the time before 1861; eventually leading to Civil War.

Peter Singer’s Essay Essay

It is an irrefutable fact that we should help each other. However sometimes help to others poses some danger to either us or others. In Peter Singer’s essay â€Å"Famine Affluence, and Morality† Peter Singer argues that we ought, morally, to prevent starvation due to famine. Singer begins by saying that assistance has been inadequate as richer countries prioritize development above preventing starvation. Singer then states that â€Å"suffering and death from lack of food, shelter, and medical care are bad† (404) and assumes that it is uncontroversial enough to be accepted without justification. He then next raises the linked premise that we morally ought to prevent something ‘bad’ from happening as long as we have the means and it does not entail compromising on anything of ‘comparable moral significance’, using the analogy of a drowning child and hence assuming the principle _of â€Å"_universalizability† (405). As Singer writes, he attempts to justify why he feels that it is within our means to do so without sacrificing anything morally significant, and concludes that we hence morally ought to prevent starvation due to famine. Singer anticipates objections and the first of which is that as the drowning child is nearer to us than the starving Bengali, the moral obligation is therefore seemingly reduced. Singer responds that this merely affects the likelihood of who receives aid first, but it still holds that we should be indiscriminate with the amount of help given to people especially when the world is becoming a â€Å"global village† (405). Singer also anticipates the  objection that there are other people who are standing around not doing anything anyway. He contends that there is a psychological difference but the moral implications are still the same as it is absurd to be less obliged to help the drowning child even if there were many others idling around; likewise for the starving Bengali. However, Singer’s drowning child analogy, though inductively strong to some extent, is not cogent enough to deny the fact that the helping agent in question is exposed to differing sets of knowledge in the two different scenarios. In the drowning child case, the agent can determine with reasonable certainty that the child’s fate lies entirely in his hands. There is no issue being affected by any bystanders or not knowing what kind of assistance to deliver, and he can be confident that there are minimal unforeseen and undesirable consequences resulting from his efforts. In donating to countries, the agent cannot say the same about the level of certainty with regards to the help he is providing. The agent doesn’t know if there are any better means of help available or if the money he donates will ever reach the ones in need. While we are entitled to morally judge inaction in the case of the drowning child, we can’t judge as harshly for the case of overseas a id as Singer attempts to do so here. Singer also makes an assumption about the innocence of the drowning child. We cannot say for sure if the suffering of others is thoroughly undeserved. The money provided might end up in the hands of children manipulated by bad adults or the government for example. Essentially, Singer’s principle of universality fails to hold out here, as the immorality of not giving money cannot compare to the immorality of not saving a drowning child. Singer then attempts to qualify another point. If starvation could be curbed given that everyone gave X amount of money, there is no reason why one should give more than others and hence one should give only a certain amount. However, it seems plausible that people should give as much as possible since not everyone will give a set amount and, as it is known, giving more than the set amount will naturally prevent more suffering. Paradoxically, if everyone _does_ give more than the set amount – there will  be too much money and this is a worse off outcome as people’s sacrifices will count for nothing. Singer’s response to this is that, however unlikely this outcome is, while there may be unfairness as those giving later will not be obligated to give as much once they are able to determine how much more money is needed to be contributed, it is still better than letting people starve. In view of his points so far, Singer is aware of the fact that our moral frameworks would be affected because giving is traditionally considered a form of charity, not a form of duty. Singer attacks this by reiterating his point, based on the principle of comparable moral significance, that we ought to donate our luxury money, which is any income beyond marginal utility, as otherwise spending it on clothes to look good rather than keep warm would be preventing another person from being liberated from starvation. Ultimately, Singer points out that, although such change may seem too drastic, people should still revise their mindset that it is wrong to believe that while a charitable man deserves praise, a non-charitable man should not condemned. Works Cited Singer, Peter. â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality† Trans. Array _Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing_. Adam Whitehurst and Kerri A. Cardone. 7th. Boston, MA: Bedford/ St. Martins, 2011. 402-414. Print.

The Art of Rhetoric in the Metamorphoses

The Art of Rhetoric in the Metamorphoses Among the numerous passages covered in The Metamorphoses of Ovid, there are many stories regarding the origins of the Earth, the activities of the Roman gods, and some of Rome’s significant rulers and founders. Within each of these stories, Ovid injects an overall idea that can be taken away from the text. Many of these overall ideas are themes and lessons, but also there are arts that are illustrated to the reader such as poetry, singing, or weaving. One idea in particular that Ovid portrays is the art of Rhetoric in Greco-Roman culture.Rhetoric was used in Greco-Roman culture often as a means of putting together words in a certain order to persuade or inform your audience of a specific idea. The two stories regarding the discussion between Ajax and Ulysses over Achilles armor exemplifies the idea of rhetoric. Ovid uses the episodes of Ajax and Ulysses in book thirteen f the Metamorphoses to illustrate to the readers the art of rhetori c. Ovid draws upon previous texts covered in class such as Homer’s Odyssey and Virgil’s Aeneid to form some of his stories in the Metamorphoses. However, Ovid’s style of writing is much different than that of Homer and Virgil.Homer and Virgil both write about post Trojan War events, but from two different perspectives, the Greeks and the Trojans respectively. Despite their difference in perspective, their style is the same in that they both focus on the glorification of war. They both portray violent events vividly and give praise to war heroes. Ovid, on the other hand, talks about certain parts in the Odyssey and the Aeneid that Homer and Virgil did not discuss such as the rescue of Achaemenides, the crewman Ulysses left behind on the island of Polyphemus, in book fourteen.Ovid seems to dismiss the glorification of war and briefly pass over violent scenes or portray them in a different, more comical, manner. Rather Ovid focuses on the arts of Greco-Roman cultur e. Ovid focuses on stories of Mythology concerning poetry, singing, crafting, and even the art of rhetoric. Rhetoric is â€Å"the study and practice of effective communication,† (Nordquist). There are three types of rhetoric employed: epideictic, judicial, and deliberative. These three branches of rhetoric can be used in various ways to communicate to your audience.Epideictic rhetoric is the commemoration or blame of an individual. Epideictic rhetoric is often used in â€Å"funeral orations, obituaries, graduation and retirement speeches, letters of recommendation, and nominating speeches at political conventions,† (Nordquist). Judicial rhetoric is â€Å"primarily employed by lawyers in trials decided by a judge or jury,† (Nordquist). Deliberative rhetoric is the use of communication to persuade or dissuade an individual or audience of a statement or action.Ovid does not only use the three branches of rhetoric however, he also shows the use of a technique called amplification and minimization through Ajax and Ulysses which is essentially amplifying good qualities and minimizing bad qualities. The technique of amplification and minimization goes hand in hand with deliberative and epideictic rhetoric. Ovid employs all three branches of rhetoric in his stories of Ajax and Ulysses to demonstrate their arguments and to illustrate the art of rhetoric itself. The bulk of Ovid’s illustration of rhetoric is contained within the stories of Ajax and Ulysses in book thirteen.After the Trojan War is over, the Greeks set aside Achilles’ armor and decide, through a debate, who the receiver of the armor will be. The two in debate over the armor are Ajax and Ulysses. Both employ deliberative rhetoric as their means of persuading the audience to decide who will keep the armor, but they also use the other branches as well to strengthen their argument. The discussion between the two as a whole is a deliberative and judicial rhetoric battle, but both make use of epideictic rhetoric to strengthen their positions.Ajax is the first to present his argument. Immediately Ajax makes use of epideictic rhetoric by slandering Ulysses’ actions, â€Å"he was one who did not hesitate to beat retreat when he was forced to face the torches Hector threw, while I withstood those deadly flames: the fleet was only rescued because of me,† (Ovid 427). Ajax gives evidence that Ulysses was a coward by exposing his retreat in the face of Hector. He also uses amplification and minimization to show how detrimental it was that Ulysses fled, and how great it was that Ajax held his position.Ajax then uses another epideictic statement when he brings in his heritage: And even if you were to doubt my courage, it’s I who claim the nobler lineage. I am the son of Telamon, the friend who helped the sturdy Hercules destroy the walls of Troy and, then, in Jason’s ship, sailed off and reached the distant coast of Colchis. And Telamon was born of Aeacus, who is a judge whitin the silent world—precisely in the place where Sisyphus, the son of Aeolus, must struggle with the weight of his great stone; and Aeacus was born of Jove—as Jove himself admits. (Ovid 427-428) Once again Ajax draws upon a feature that will increase his deservingness.Throughout the rest of his presentation, Ajax continually employs epideictic rhetoric to commemorate his actions and defame those of Ulysses. The use of only one dimension of the three branches of rhetoric by Ajax shows that the body of his presentation is insulting Ulysses. This weakens Ajax’s argument, â€Å"Many amateur rhetors think of debate as an ‘us-versus-them’ sort of affair, and that the readers who disagree are the enemy whose inferior arguments must be ground into the dirt. Accordingly, they mistakenly believe that ridiculing or attacking these mistaken beliefs is the most effective way to ‘win’ the argument,† (Whe eler).The constant insults diminish in value in their numerous quantities. Ulysses is fortunate to present after Ajax. Ajax is at a disadvantage because of his eagerness to present first. This gives Ulysses a chance to gather his argument and also turn what Ajax says against him. Ulysses begins in a different manner. Ulysses sets the tone of somberness by recalling Achilles, â€Å"If things had gone as you and I had wished, o Greeks, we would hat ask who should succeed to this extraordinary weaponry; Achilles, you’d still have your arms, and we would still have you,† (Ovid 432).Ulysses uses epideictic rhetoric not to depreciate Ajax’s deeds, but to honor Achilles as one does at a funeral. Soon after Ulysses honors Achilles, he begins to strengthen his image through more epideictic rhetoric just as Ajax did. Ulysses draws upon his own lineage on page 433 claiming to be descendent of not only Jove but Mercury as well. He also minimizes Ajax’s lineage by cla iming that one of Ajax’s ancestors was an exiled criminal. Ulysses then moves on to say, â€Å"Just judge by deeds—and deeds alone . . . it’s only one’s worth that weighs,† (Ovid 433).Ulysses defeats Ajax’s argument about his kinship to Achilles, but then claims that the victor should be determined by his actions not his external goods. Aristotle, in Nicomachean Ethics, talks about the importance of external goods, but he says that the goods of the mind (deeds and actions) are more important. So Ulysses goes on to give a myriad of good deeds he has performed such as convincing Achilles to return to battle, going as an ambassador into Troy to try to negotiate the return of Helen, the plan for the Trojan horse, and inciting the warriors and Ajax with courage when they ere on the brink of retreat.As an entirety, Ajax is only able to spill insults and talk down about Ulysses, but Ulysses is able to combat all of Ajax’s insults and turn th em against him. Also going second plays into Ulysses’ favor because Ajax has no opportunity for rebuttal whereas Ulysses does. Therefore Ulysses is declared the victor of the argument and wins on the basis of his rhetorical skills. Ovid pays more respect to the battle between two rhetors than he does to two warriors clearly through the great detail he goes into in the discussion between Ulysses and Ajax.Instead of depicting great violent battle scenes, he depicts a great rhetoric argument between two individuals. Ovid briefly touches on the Trojan War itself, but takes great measure in illustrating the use of rhetoric in the discussion after the War.Bibliography Ovid, Metamorphoses Nordquist, Richard. About. com, â€Å"Rhetoric. † Accessed November 28, 2011. http://grammar. about. com/od/rs/g/rhetoricterm. htm. Wheeler, Dr. L. Kip. â€Å"Rhetoric. † Last modified September 26,2011. Accessed November 28, 2011. http://web. cn. edu/kwheeler/resource_rhet. html.

Anyone and Everyone Are Welcome

Anyone and Everyone Are Welcome Anyone and Everyone Are Welcome Anyone and Everyone Are Welcome By Maeve Maddox A reader asks for clarification regarding the use of the phrase â€Å"anyone and everyone† in such sentences as these: Everyone knows they love to talk on the phone to anyone and everyone. Anyone and everyone is [sic] to speak to you on the phone. You will speak to anyone and everyone who might listen. Anyone means â€Å"an individual person†: I will give a free book to anyone in the audience who can solve this problem. - Only one person or a selected few (depending upon how the problem is presented) will win the book. Everyone means â€Å"every person in a group†: Everyone in the audience received a video recorder. - All of the audience members received a free recording device. The combination â€Å"anyone and everyone† is used in the context of a welcome or invitation as a way to emphasize inclusivity, as in these examples from the Web: Anyone and Everyone are invited  to join the server after we open, which is very soon.   Anyone and everyone are  invited to Roundtable.   Anyone and everyone are  welcome  to come  hack on things. Sometimes the phrase is used in the sense of â€Å"people in general† or â€Å"people of no specific qualifications: Today anyone and everyone  can set up an online business.    Amazon also maintains a flourishing side enterprise in  self-publishing, where  anyone and everyone  can write an e-book. And sometimes, especially when preceded by just, â€Å"anyone and everyone† occurs in the context of exclusion: If  just anyone and everyone are  too easily included, we are saying in effect that anything goes.   We dont want just anyone and everyone, just a select few. We will  not  sign on  just anyone and everyone. We demand the  best. We dont work for  just anyone and everyone. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant NamesTelling a Good Poem from a Bad One3 Types of Essays Are Models for Professional Writing Forms

Dark Energy (Definition)

Dark Energy (Definition) Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates space and exerts a negative pressure, which would have gravitational effects to account for the differences between the theoretical and observational results of gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark energy is not directly observed, but rather inferred from observations of gravitational interactions between astronomical objects. The term dark energy was coined by the theoretical cosmologist Michael S. Turner. Dark Energys Predecessor Before physicists knew about dark energy, a cosmological constant  was a feature of Einsteins original general relativity equations that caused the universe to be static. When it was realized the universe was expanding, the assumption was that the cosmological constant had a value of zeroan assumption that remained dominant among physicists and cosmologists for many years. Discovery of Dark Energy In 1998, two different teamsthe Supernova Cosmology Project and the High-z Supernova Search Teamboth failed at their goal of measuring the deceleration of the universes expansion. In fact, they measured not only a deceleration, but a totally unexpected acceleration  (Well, almost totally unexpected: Stephen Weinberg had once made such a prediction). Further evidence since 1998 has continued to support this finding, that distant regions of the universe are actually speeding up with respect to each other. Instead of a steady expansion, or a slowing expansion, the expansion rate is getting faster, which means that Einsteins original cosmological constant prediction manifests in todays theories in the form of dark energy. The latest findings indicate that over 70% of the universe is composed of dark energy. In fact, only about 4% is believed to be made up of ordinary, visible matter. Figuring out more details about the physical nature of dark energy is one of the major theoretical and observational goals of modern cosmologists. Also Known As: vacuum energy, vacuum pressure, negative pressure, cosmological constant

Costa Rican Coffee Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Costa Rican Coffee Industry - Essay Example Costa Coffee refers to a British Multinational coffeehouse in United Kingdom, a subsidiary of Whitbread PLC. It forms the second largest coffeehouse chain worldwide after Starbucks. The Italian brothers; Bruno and Sergio Costa started the coffeehouse in 1971 as a wholesale supplier of roasted coffee to specialist and caterers in Italian shops. Currently, the business operates 1375 restaurants in UK and 2500 vending facilities, in Costa Coffee, as well as 800 overseas outlets. The Costa Coffee outlets can be found in airports, Tesco stores, bookstores, hospitals and in motorway services. Some subunits can be found in railway stations as well as in the airport throughout UK. Most of the branches within airports, hospitals and cinema halls are owned by either corporate franchise or individuals. Some outlets can also be found outside the business parks, often, among most leading companies and food retailers. The Costa Express created by coffee chain from the self-service coffee bars anti cipates rebranding Coffee Nation Machine to see the expansion to 3000 locations. The Coffee Nation operates in motorway services and within the Tesco stores. The company aims to target hospitals, transport interchanges and universities. The company’s roaster is in UK and is operated by three master roasters from Italy. The retail stores sell Mocha Italia coffee; six parts Arabica and four parts Robusta and use Gennaro Pelliccia as the coffee taster. The company sponsors awards such as Costa Book Awards that began in 2006.... Most of the branches within airports, hospitals and cinema halls are owned by either corporate franchise or individuals. Some outlets can also be found outside the business parks, often, among most leading companies and food retailers. The Costa Express created by coffee chain from the self-service coffee bars anticipates rebranding Coffee Nation Machine to see the expansion to 3000 locations. The Coffee Nation operates in motorway services and within the Tesco stores. The company aims to target hospitals, transport interchanges and universities. The company’s roaster is in UK and is operated by three master roasters from Italy. The retail stores sell Mocha Italia coffee; six parts Arabica and four parts Robusta and use Gennaro Pelliccia as the coffee taster. The company sponsors awards such as Costa Book Awards that began in 2006 (Allegra Strategies, 2009). Some of the controversies surrounding the Costa Coffee include the opening of Bristol outlet in 2011 without appropriate planning permission leading to planning appeals against any enforcement action in 2012. The company also faced opposition from residents who restricted them from opening up an outlet in Totnes making the company withdraw. Despite of opposition from resident and protests against opening up of the outlets, Costa Coffee managed to open some coffee shop, such as in Southwold, after getting the planning permission on the appeal. The Costa coffee possesses four characteristics. First is the miscela where the coffee is made from the unique blend called Mocha Italia. The other characteristic is grind, macinatura where each Costa cup contains freshly ground beans with appropriate consistency that ensures perfect aroma and flavours. The Mazzer comprises of Ferrari

Is corporal punishment an effective discipline technique for families Essay

Is corporal punishment an effective discipline technique for families or does the evidence show it does more harm than good to cihildren discuss - Essay Example This is because the main idea behind punishment of a child is to discourage unwanted behavior immediately; corporal punishment is usually effective in achieving this goal (Holden et al., 1999). According to Gershoff 2002), the prime objective that most parents have while administering corporal punishment on to their children is to stop them from being disobedient at once. Corporate punishment is effective if and only if it is administered after a transgression and must be immediate and should not be discriminated. However, even though all these criterions are met, most of parents fail to achieve the desired results from the child, hence in the end; corporal punishment tends to lose meaning and purpose. The common ground and goal, which is to ensure that the child gets meaning from the punishment, fails (Larzelere, 2000). Corporal punishment has failed to allow children to develop moral internalizations on their own, since instead of promoting better social behavior corporal punishment hinders this attribute. This is because even though corporal punishment achieves this in the short term, the moral internalization of a child is affected (Gerdshoff, 2002). They further state that, the long-term socialization goal for a child development is to take behavior and attitude as their own internal development, and not be driven by anticipation of external consequences such as from corporal punishment. Clearly, a child needs to be given room and space to develop mentally and make judgment calls for their actions, without being driven by consequences of corporal punishments (Afifi, 2012). Moreover, corporal punishment has the impetus of encouraging antisocial and aggressive behaviors among children in the end. This is true since the administration of this form of punishment negatively affects parent child relation. According to the attribution and social control theory posed by Burt et al. in Gershoff (2002), corporal

Gary Hess The United States at War, 1941-1945 Essay

Gary Hess The United States at War, 1941-1945 - Essay Example The book is very concise and straight to the point. It does not drag the reader into arguments that do not have relevance to the author’s primary thesis. The Second World War is often regarded as a historical event of epic proportions. The European and the Pacific stages were considered as different campaigns by themselves, and Hess provides a good narration of history which is both chronological and thematic. Hess attacks the US and its involvement in the Second World War in a thematic approach which makes the historical account very interesting. For example, in the first chapter, â€Å"To Pearl Harbor: The United States and World Crisis†, Hess discusses the nation’s rationale in its inter-continental interference was that first, the US wanted to protect its far-flung allies and second (most importantly, of course) to champion the democratic leadership it had boasted since its independence. Working on this example, it is clear that although Hess provides a mains tream historical narrative on his chosen topic (that is providing facts and accompanying analysis), the author dwells on the matter that the mere analysis and interpretation should be streamlined to a higher argument.

The Self Criticism And Reflection Education Essay

The Self Criticism And Reflection Education Essay During the college years, I had multiple hurdles that I have encountered. One of the biggest hurdles was time management and procrastination. Throughout my education, I have always been a procrastinator, even in finishing up this essay. When I go into my assignments, I will always go with good intentions and plan on getting them done early so that I will not have to worry about doing them later. However, life seems to get in the way. I always find something else that needs to be done immediately, while my assignments are not due for a few days. I also find it very difficult to motivate myself if the assignment is not due right away. I have myself convinced that I will do better under pressure. So I always end up putting myself in that situation. Although throughout my education so far this technique has worked, I certainly believe that it will not work through university. In order to change my ways of thinking about assignments and deadlines, I need to set some concrete rules for me to follow. First off, I need to set realistic goals. I often set goals that are very unlikely to get my work done. Therefore, to improve this, I will try to break my assignment into parts and give myself more than enough time to accomplish each task. By doing this, my time will be fully utilized instead of wasted. In co-curricular activities, I realized that I had done little in games and clubs within the university, despite having a number of athletic teams, training personnel as well as other facilities. I was not able to attend any of the activities and even spent most of my time playing games on my personal computer rather than being involved in real athletics. Therefore, I have made strict schedules to allow me attend my favourite games which are football and rugby. I believe sports can season me to be mentally and physically fit. Moreover, physical fitness is important for all, and is also the main core for engineers to go the distance. In life, we are bound to encounter challenges. Thus, by doing sports, I hope they can help me to steel myself in coping with the challenges in life. Furthermore, as most sports involve precision, which is fundamentally linked to engineering, it also helps me to develop the natural traits as an engineer. Through the hurdles, I also realized some of my strength. One of them is that I always get all of my work done. I always make the time and find the will to get them done. This takes a lot of self-discipline, because I could always been distracted with other matters. If I get all of my work done, then surely it will help me in final year examinations. I am also learning all that I am given in order to expand my knowledge and do well on assignments, laboratories and coursework. This will ultimately help me to be more knowledgeable throughout my life. Professional Engineering principles and personal opinions Being a professional engineer, it means that I have to work to enhance the welfare, health and safety whilst paying due regard to the environment and the sustainability of resources. Personally, there are three fundamental principles that I think we, engineers, should hold as guidance in achieving the high ideals of professional life. Firstly, without any doubt, a professional engineer should normalise themselves with integrity and honesty. Professional engineers should adopt the highest standards of professional conduct, openness, fairness and honesty. Therefore, from now, I should start training myself to be alert on the ways in which my works and actions might affect others, and duly respect the rights and reputation of others too. I also need to avoid deceptive acts and take steps to prevent corrupt practices or professional misconduct. Bribery and improper influence should not be in practice too. Other than that, I would weight leadership as one of the most important principle for professional engineers as we should aspire to high standards of leadership in the exploitation and management of technology. Being a professional engineer, it shows that I hold a privileged and trusted position in a society. Therefore, I am expected to demonstrate that as professional engineer, I am seeking to serve wider society and also be sensitive to public concern. Thus, I have to be aware of the issues that engineering and technology raise for society, and also listen to the aspirations and concerns of others. Moreover, I have to actively promote public awareness and understanding of the impact and benefits of engineering achievements. Lastly, I believe professional engineers should be accurate and rigour. We hold a duty which is to ensure that we acquire and use widely and faithfully the knowledge that is relevant to the engineering skills needed in their work in service of others. Therefore, I should always act with care and competence. I have to get my knowledge and skills up to date and also assist the development of engineering knowledge and skills in others. In addition, I should present and review engineering evidence, theory and interpretation honestly, accurately and without bias. As a Professional engineer, I also need to identify and evaluate risks before take any actions. University experiences. University life has taught me to be more self discipline. Back in college, I was assigned with daily homework and teachers will check them on regular basis to ensure that the works given were properly done. However, when I step into university life, I am trusted to complete my assignments without being reminded. I also have to relate what I have learned in class to my readings. Most importantly, I have to keep myself notified the due date of my assignments. Other than that, it teaches me to be more independent thinker. In college, teachers will still check my homework and guide me through different thinking process, whilst in university; I have to develop my own independent thinking. An obvious example is when having a discussion with course mates on certain topics, there will be conflicting views on a single subject. However, in compensation, university provides us with more resources to clarify some disputes. Conclusion Upon finishing this essay, I have learned that time management is the most critical tool towards achieving personal goals not only in education, but also in other aspects of life. I have realized that my overall academic grades, as well as in extracurricular activities, improves with proper time management and the ability to work with strict time schedules. I have also learned a lot of useful insight from this whole module. Some of them have helped me to understand myself better. The questionnaires given during SESM1015 lecture have really helped me to understand about the different learning styles and thus made me realize which style that best fits me. Knowing this information also will help me utilize my strengths and ultimately learn better. To become the cream of the cream, one must always continue to learn and progress. Therefore, I set some expectations on myself for this year. One of the expectations that I have for myself is to continue to complete all of my work because that is the only way that one can truly learn. I am also going to work on feeling more confident about myself and my abilities. I have thoughts and ideas and I want to feel like I need to share them. That is going to be difficult for me since I am an international student, I have always been a quite one, but I will work on it. I am also expecting to be presented with ideas that I have never thought of, so I can learn from them. I want to learn a lot and look back on this year from now and be glad that I took it. Overall, I want to be taught things that I need to know in order to be the best professional engineer that I can be.

Personal Development and Reflective Reasoning in Nursing Essay

â€Å"Maybe reflective practices offer us a way of trying to make sense of the uncertainty in our workplaces and the courage to work competently and ethically at the edge of order and chaos†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ghaye, 2000, p.7) In order to fully understand the personal development and reflective reasoning in relation to your development in the Nursing field, one will have to define these two terminologies. Personal development means to include activities that improve awareness, can develop potential that will ultimately enhance the quality of life. Medical colleges advocate personal development plans as a basis for continuing professional development. Whereas, reflective reasoning is where a nurse can apply learning and insights of others into their own work. In nursing courses students learn through lecture and discussion, which is the primary method for teaching theoretical principles, but when you add a more complete understanding of the relationship between theory and practice one may become a more competent nurse. Awareness of issues and analysis of knowledge and feelings are some stages that are involved in reflection but then identification and integration of new learning is needed as well. By consc iously engaging in their own and others reflection it is believed that the level of professional interaction will improve. Motivation, one issue bound to crop up in ones work life, as well as leadership and of course managing conflict these are some issues when speaking of personal development. The ability to reflect upon us is a valuable part of human life, insisted Taylor (2000). Reflection and reflective practice are claimed to enhance professional development, link theory and practice, promote critical thinking, lead to self-awareness a... ...Cartwright(Ed.), Studies in social power(pp. 150-167). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research. Ghaye, T. (2000) Into the reflective mode: bridging the stagnant moat. Reflectice Practice, 1(1) 5-9. Gray, G. (1998). Becoming a reflective practitioner. In Towards a Discipline of Nursing, Churchill Livingstone, Melbourne, pp. 335-354. Harrington-Mackin, D. (1996) Keeping the Team Going: A Tool Kit to Renew & Refuel Your Workplace Teams, March 26, 1996 AMACOM Kerfoot, K. (2001). The Leader as Synergist. MEDSURG Nursing, 10(2), 101-103. Laurent, C.L. (2000). A nursing theory for nursing leadership. Journal of Nursing Management, 8, 83-87. SCHÃâ€"N D A (1983) The Reflective Practitioner: how professionals think in action London: Temple Smith Taylor, B.J. (2000) Reflective Practice: a Guide for Nurses and Midwives. Buckingham: Open University Press

Epistemology †empiricism Essay

Principles like those Parmenides assumed are said in contemporary jargon to be a priori principles, or principles of reason, which just means that they are known prior to experience. It is not that we learn these principles first chronologically but rather that our knowledge of them does not depend on our senses. For example, consider the principle â€Å"You can’t make something out of nothing. † If you wished to defend this principle, would you proceed by conducting an experiment in which you tried to make something out of nothing? In fact, you would not. You would base your defense on our inability to conceive of ever making  something out of nothing Everything we know originates from four sources. The first, our senses, can be thought of as our primary source of information. Two other sources, reason and intuition, are derivative in the sense that they produce new facts from data already supplied to our minds. The fourth source, authority (or â€Å"hearsay,† or â€Å"testimony† of others), is by nature secondary, and secondhand fact-claims are always more wiggly and difficult to validate. Other sources of knowledge are commonly claimed, and it is not inconceivable that there might exist other sources; but if they do exist,  knowledge derived from them is problematic, and careful analysis usually finds that they can be subsumed under one or more of the four known sources and must be seriously questioned as legitimate, separate sources of reliable information. In summary, what is the nature of our knowledge about the real world of objects/events? Our knowledge of reality is composed of ideas our minds have created on the basis of our sensory experience. It is a fabric of knowledge woven by the mind. Knowledge is not given to the mind; nothing is â€Å"poured† into it. Rather, the mind manufactures perceptions, concepts, ideas, beliefs, and so forth and holds  them as working hypotheses about external reality. Every idea is a (subjective) working model that enables us to handle real objects/events with some degree of pragmatic efficiency. However persuasive our thoughts and images may be, they are only remote representations of reality; they are tools that enable us to deal with reality. It is as though we draw nondimensional maps to help us understand four-dimensional territory. The semanticists have long reminded us to beware of confusing any sort of map with the real landscape. â€Å"The map,† they say, â€Å"is not the territory. † An abstraction, by definition, is an idea created by the mind to refer to all objects which, possessing certain characteristics in common, are thought of in the same class. The number of objects in the class can range from two to infinity. We can refer to all men, all hurricanes, all books, all energy-forms—all everything. While abstraction-building is an inescapable mental process—in fact it is the first step in the organization of our knowledge of objects/events—a serious problem is inherent in the process. At high levels of abstraction we tend to group together objects that have but a few qualities in common, and our abstractions  may be almost meaningless, without our knowing it. We fall into the habit of using familiar abstractions and fail to realize how empty they are. For example, what do the objects in the following abstractions have in common? All atheists, all Western imperialists, all blacks or all whites (and if you think it’s skin color, think twice), all conservatives, all trees, all French people, all Christians. When we think in such high-level abstractions, it is often the case that we are communicating nothing meaningful at all. â€Å"The individual object or event we are naming, of course, has no name and belongs  to no class until we put it in one. † Going as far back as Plato, philosophers have traditionally defined knowledge as true justified belief. A priori knowledge is knowledge that is justified independently of (or prior to) experience. What kinds of knowledge could be justified without any appeal to experience? Certainly, we can know the truth of definitions and logical truths apart from experience. Hence, definitions and logically necessary truths are examples of a priori knowledge. For example, â€Å"All unicorns are one-horned creatures† is true by definition. Similarly, the following  statement is a sure bet: â€Å"Either my university’s football team will win their next game or they won’t. † Even if they tie or the game is canceled, this would fulfill the â€Å"they won’t win† part of the prediction. Hence, this statement expresses a logically necessary truth about the football team. These two statements are cases of a priori knowledge. Notice that in the particular examples of a priori knowledge I have chosen, they do not give us any real, factual information about the world. Even though the statement about unicorns is true, it does not tell us whether there are any unicorns in the world. Similarly, the football prediction does not tell us the actual outcome of the game. Experience of the world is required to know these things. The second kind of knowledge is a posteriori knowledge, or knowledge that is based on (or posterior to) experience. Similarly, the adjective empirical refers to anything that is based on experience. Any claims based on experience purport to add new information to the subject. Hence, â€Å"Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit† and â€Å"Tadpoles become frogs† would be examples of a posteriori knowledge. We know the freezing point of water and the life cycle of tadpoles through experience. Thus far, most philosophers would agree on these points. The difficult question now arises: Is there any a priori knowledge that does give us knowledge about the real world? What would that be like? It would be knowledge expressible in a statement such that (a) its truth is not determined solely by the meaning of its terms and (b) it does provide information about the way the world is. Furthermore, since it is a priori, it would be knowledge that we could justify through reason, independently of experience. The question, then, is whether or not reason alone can tell us about the ultimate nature of reality. 1. Is it possible to have knowledge at all? 2. Does reason provide us with knowledge of the world independently of experience? 3. Does our knowledge represent reality as it really is? Rationalism claims that reason or the intellect is the primary source of our fundamental knowledge about reality. Nonrationalists agree that we can use reason to draw conclusions from the information provided by sense experience. However, what distinguishes the rationalists is that they claim that reason can give us knowledge apart from experience. For example, the rationalists point out that we can arrive at mathematical truths about circles  or triangles without having to measure, experiment with, or experience circular or triangular objects. We do so by constructing rational, deductive proofs that lead to absolutely indubitable conclusions that are always universally true of the world outside our minds (a priori knowledge about the world). Obviously, the rationalists think the second question should be answered affirmatively. Empiricism is the claim that sense experience is the sole source of our knowledge about the world. Empiricists insist that when we start life, the original equipment of our intellect is a tabula rasa, or blank tablet. Only through experience does that empty mind become filled with content. Various empiricists give different explanations of the nature of logical and mathematical truths. They are all agreed, however, that these truths are not already latent in the mind before we discover them and that there is no genuine a priori knowledge about the nature of reality. The empiricists would respond â€Å"No! † to the second epistemological question. With respect to question 3, both the rationalists and the empiricists think that our knowledge does represent reality as it really is. Constructivism is used in this discussion to refer to the claim that knowledge is neither already in the mind nor passively received from experience, but that the mind constructs knowledge out of the materials of experience. Immanuel Kant, an 18th-century German philosopher, introduced this view. He was influenced by both the rationalists and the empiricists and attempted to reach a compromise between them. While Kant did not agree with the rationalists on everything, he did believe we can have a priori knowledge of the world as we experience it. Although Kant did not use this label, I call his position constructivism  to capture his distinctive account of knowledge. One troubling consequence of his view was that because the mind imposes its own order on experience, we can never know reality as it is in itself. We can only know reality as it appears to us after it has been filtered and processed by our minds. Hence, Kant answers question 3 negatively. Nevertheless, because Kant thought our minds all have the same cognitive structure, he thought we are able to arrive at universal and objective knowledge within the boundaries of the human situation. Before reading further, look at the highway picture for an example of a classic  experiment in perception. Did you get the right answer, or were your eyes fooled? One way that skeptics attack knowledge claims is to point to all the ways in which we have been deceived by illusions. Our experience with perceptual illusions shows that in the past we have been mistaken about what we thought we knew. These mistakes lead, the skeptic claims, to the conclusion that we can never be certain about our beliefs, from which it follows that our beliefs are not justified. Another, similar strategy of the skeptic is to point to the possibility that our apprehension of reality could be systematically flawed in some way. The story of Ludwig, the brain in the vat who experienced a false virtual reality, would be an example of this strategy. Another strategy is to suppose that there is an inherent flaw in human psychology such that our beliefs never correspond to reality. I call these possible scenarios universal belief falsifiers. The characteristics of a universal belief falsifier are (1) it is a theoretically possible state of affairs, (2) we have no way of knowing if this state of affairs is actual or not, and (3) if this state of affairs is actual, we would never be able to distinguish beliefs that are true  from beliefs that seem to be true but are actually false. Note that the skeptic does not need to prove that these possibilities are actual. For example, the skeptic does not have to establish that we really are brains in a vat, but merely that this condition is possible. Furthermore, the skeptic need not claim that all our beliefs are false. The skeptic’s point is simply that we have no fail-safe method for determining when our beliefs are true or false. Given this circumstance, the skeptic will argue that we cannot distinguish the situation of having evidence that leads to true beliefs from the situation of having the same sort of evidence  plus a universal belief falsifier, which leads to false beliefs. Obviously, the skeptic believes that nothing is beyond doubt. For any one of our beliefs, we can imagine a set of circumstances in which it would be false. For example, I believe I was born in Rahway, New Jersey. However, my birth certificate could be inaccurate. Furthermore, for whatever reasons, my parents may have wished to keep the truth from me. I will never know for sure. I also believe that there is overwhelming evidence that Adolf Hitler committed suicide at the close of World War II. However, it could be true (as conspiracy  theorists maintain) that his death was faked and that he lived a long life in South America after the war. The theme of the skeptic is that certainty is necessary for there to be knowledge, and if doubt is possible, then we do not have certainty. We now have the considerations in place that the skeptic uses to make his or her case. There are many varieties of skeptical arguments, each one exploiting some possible flaw in either human cognition or the alleged evidence we use to justify our beliefs. Instead of presenting various specific arguments, we can consider a â€Å"generic skeptical argument. † Generic Skeptical Argument 1. We can find reasons for doubting any one of our beliefs. 2. It follows that we can doubt all our beliefs. 3. If we can doubt all our beliefs, then we cannot be certain of any of them. 4. If we do not have certainty about any of our beliefs, then we do not have knowledge. 5. Therefore, we do not have knowledge. Pyrrho of Elis (360–270 B. C. ), a philosopher in ancient Greece, inspired a skeptical movement that bore his name (Pyrrhonian skepticism). Pyrrho was skeptical concerning sense experience. He argued that for experience to be a source of knowledge, our sense data  must agree with reality. But it is impossible to jump outside our experience to see how it compares with the external world. So, we can never know whether our experience is giving us accurate information about reality. Furthermore, rational argument cannot give us knowledge either, Pyrrho said, because for every argument supporting one side of an issue, another argument can be constructed to prove the opposing case. Hence, the two arguments cancel each other out and they are equally ineffective in leading us to the truth. The followers of Pyrrho stressed that we can make claims only about how things appear to us. You can say, â€Å"The honey appears to me to be sweet† but not, â€Å"The honey is sweet. † The best approach, according to these skeptics, was to suspend judgment whenever possible and make no assumptions at all. They believed that skeptical detachment would lead to serenity. â€Å"Don’t worry about what you cannot know,† they advised. Some skeptics distilled these arguments down into two simple theses. First, nothing is self-evident, for any axiom we start with can be doubted. Second, nothing can be proven, for either we will have an infinite regress of reasons that support our previous  reasons or we will end up assuming what we are trying to prove. Descartes began his quest for knowledge with the assumption that if he had rational certainty concerning his beliefs, he necessarily had knowledge, and if he did not have certainty, he did not have knowledge. The skeptics who came after Descartes agreed with this assumption. However, as we will see in the next section, Descartes argues that there are a number of things of which we can be certain and, hence, we do have knowledge. On the other hand, the skeptics doubt whether Descartes or anyone can achieve such certainty. Lacking any grounds for certainty, the skeptics claim we cannot have knowledge about the real world. Thus, the skeptics think that Descartes’s arguments for skepticism are stronger than his proposed answers. Such a philosopher was David Hume, whom we will encounter later when we examine empir EXAMINING THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF SKEPTICISM Positive Evaluation 1. Weeding a garden is not sufficient to make flowers grow, but it does do something valuable. In what way could the skeptics be viewed as providing a â€Å"philosophical weeding service† by undercutting beliefs that are naively taken for granted? 2. The skeptics are unsettling because they force us to reexamine our most fundamental beliefs. Is it better to live in naive innocence, never questioning anything, or is it sometimes worthwhile to have your beliefs challenged? Negative Evaluation 1. The skeptics make the following claim: â€Å"Knowledge is impossible. † But isn’t this claim itself a knowledge claim that they declare is true? Is the skeptic being inconsistent? 2. The skeptics use the argument from illusion to show that we cannot trust our senses. But could we ever know that there are illusions or that sometimes our senses are deceived  unless there were occasions when our senses weren’t deceived? 3. Some skeptics would have us believe that it is possible that all our beliefs are false. But would the human race have survived if there was never a correspondence between some of our beliefs and the way reality is constituted? We believe that fire burns, water quenches thirst, vegetables nourish us, and eating sand doesn’t. If we didn’t have some sort of built-in mechanism orienting us toward true beliefs, how could we be as successful as we are in dealing with reality? 4. Is skepticism liveable? Try yelling to someone who claims to be a skeptic, â€Å"Watch out  for that falling tree limb! † Why is it that a skeptic will always look up? Think of other ways in which skeptics might demonstrate that they do believe they can find out what is true or false about the world. 5. Is Descartes’s demand for absolute certainty unreasonable? Can’t we have justified beliefs based on inferences to the best explanation, probability, or practical certainty? Does certainty have to be either 100 percent or 0 percent? The answer is that our reason tells us that â€Å"something cannot come from nothing† and â€Å"material objects do not vanish into thin air. † We will distrust our senses before  we will abandon these beliefs. Hence, our reason seems to have veto power over our sense experience. We often trust our reason even in the face of apparently solid, experiential evidence. The rationalists raise this trust in reason into a full-fledged theory of knowledge. Rationalism is a very influential theory about the source and nature of knowledge. This position may be summarized in terms of the three anchor points of rationalism. These three points are responses to the second question of epistemology, Does reason provide us with knowledge of the world independently of experience? Reason Is the Primary or Most Superior Source of Knowledge about Reality According to the rationalist, it is through reason that we truly understand the fundamental truths about reality. For example, most rationalists would say the truths in the following lists are some very basic truths about the world that will never change. Although our experience certainly does illustrate most of these beliefs, our experiences always consist of par-ticular, concrete events. Hence, no experiences of seeing, feeling, hearing, tasting, or touching specific objects can tell us that these statements will always be true for every  future event we encounter. The rationalist claims that the following statements represent a priori truths about the world. They are a priori because they can be known apart from experience, yet they tell us what the world is like. LOGICAL TRUTHS A and not-A cannot both be true at the same time (where A represents some proposition or claim). This truth is called the law of noncontradiction. (For example, the statement â€Å"John is married and John is not married† is necessarily false. ) If the statement X is true and the statement â€Å"If X, then Y† is true, then it necessarily follows that the statement Y is true. MATHEMATICAL TRUTHS. The area of a triangle will always be one-half the length of the base times its height. If X is larger than Y and Y is larger than Z, then X is larger than Z. METAPHYSICAL TRUTHS Every event has a cause. An object with contradictory properties cannot exist. (No matter how long we search, we will never find a round square. ) ETHICAL PRINCIPLES Some basic moral obligations are not optional. It is morally wrong to maliciously torture someone for the fun of it. Sense Experience Is an Unreliable and Inadequate Route to Knowledge Rationalists typically emphasize the fact that sense experience is relative, changing, and often illusory. An object will look one way in artificial light and will look different in sunlight. Our eyes seem to see water on the road on a hot day, but the image is merely an optical illusion. The rationalist claims that we need our reason to sort out what is appearance from what is reality. Although it is obvious that a rationalist could not get through life without some reliance on sense experience, the rationalist denies that sense experience is the only source of knowledge about reality. Furthermore, experience can tell us only about particular things in the world. However, it cannot give us universal, foundational truths  about reality. Sensory experience can tell me about the properties of this ball, but it cannot tell me about the properties of spheres in general. Experience can tell me that when I combine these two oranges with those two oranges, they add up to four oranges. However, only reason can tell me that two plus two will always equal four and that this result will be true not only for these oranges, or all oranges, but for anything whatsoever. The Fundamental Truths about the World Can Be Known A Priori: They Are Either Innate or Self-Evident to Our Minds Innate ideas are ideas that are inborn. They are ideas or principles that the mind already contains prior to experience. The notion of innate ideas is commonly found in rationalistic philosophies, but it is rejected by the empiricists. The theory of innate ideas views the mind like a computer that comes from the factory with numerous programs already loaded on its disk, waiting to be activated. Hence, rationalists say that such ideas as the laws of logic, the concept of justice, or the idea of God are already contained deep within the mind and only need to be brought to the level of conscious awareness. Innate ideas should not be confused with instinct. Instinct is a noncognitive set of mechanical behaviors, such as blinking the eyes when an object approaches them. The theory of innate ideas is one account of how we can have a priori knowledge. Other rationalists believe that if the mind does not already contain these ideas, they are, at least, either self-evident or natural to the mind and the mind has a natural predisposition to recognize them. For example, Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716), a German rationalist, compared the mind to a block of marble that contains veins or natural splitting points that allow only one sort of shape to be formed within it. Thus, the mind, like the marble, has an innate structure that results in â€Å"inclinations, dispositions, habits, or natural capacities† to think in certain ways. In contrast to this view, John Locke (a British empiricist) said: â€Å"There is nothing in the intellect that was not first in the senses. † In response, Leibniz tagged the following rationalistic qualification at the end of Locke’s formula, â€Å"except for the intellect itself. † Obviously, in saying that the mind contains rational ideas or dispositions, the rationalists do not believe a baby is thinking about the theorems of geometry. Instead, they claim  that when a person achieves a certain level of cognitive development, he or she will be capable of realizing the self-evident truth of certain ideas. Leibniz pointed out that there is a difference between the mind containing rational principles and being aware of them. Rationalists give different accounts of how the mind acquired innate ideas in the first place. Socrates and Plato believed that our souls preexisted our current life and received knowledge from a previous form of existence. Theistic rationalists, such as Descartes, tend to believe that God implanted these ideas within us. Others simply claim that these principles or ideas naturally accompany rational minds such as ours. THE RATIONALISTS’ ANSWERS TO THE THREE EPISTEMOLOGICAL QUESTIONS Section 2. 0 contained three questions concerning knowledge: (1) Is knowledge possible? (2) Does reason provide us with knowledge of the world independently of experience? and (3) Does our knowledge represent reality as it really is? While differing on the details, all the rationalists give the same answers to these three questions. First, they all believe that knowledge is possible. Generally, we are able to discern that some opinions are better than others. For example, in the discipline of mathematics some answers are true and some are false. We could not know this fact if obtaining knowledge was impossible. Second, the rationalists agree that only through reason can we find an adequate basis for knowledge. For example, in mathematics and logic we are able through reason alone to arrive at truths that are absolutely certain and necessarily true. Third, rationalists agree that beliefs that are based on reason do represent reality as it truly is. In the following sections, I examine three classical rationalists to see how they illustrate the three anchor points of rationalism and  answer the three epistemological questions. Socrates’ answers to the three epistemological questions should be clear. (1) We are able to distinguish true opinions from false ones, so we must know the standards for making this distinction. (2) These standards could not be derived from experience so they must be unpacked through a rational investigation of the reservoir of all truth—the soul. (3) Since our rational knowledge provides us with information that enables us to deal successfully with the world and our own lives, it must be giving us an accurate picture of reality. However, according to Plato, since the  physical world is constantly changing, sense perception gives us only relative and temporary information about changing, particular things. Being a typical rationalist, Plato thought that ultimate knowledge must be objective, unchanging, and universal. Furthermore, he argued that there is a difference between true opinions and knowledge, for our beliefs must be rationally justified to qualify as knowledge. Finally, Plato believed that the object of knowledge must be something that really exists. Plato and the Role of Reason Do mathematical truths, such as those in the multiplication tables, exist within the mind or do they exist outside the mind? Plato would say both. If mathematical truths exist only in the mind, then why does physical reality conform to these truths? If mathematical truths are only mind-dependent ideas, then why can’t we make the truths about triangles be anything we decide them to be? The world of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland was created in the mind of Lewis Carroll. He could have made the world’s properties be anything he decided. But obviously, we can’t make up such rules for the properties of numbers. We don’t create these truths; we discover them. Thus, Plato would argue, these truths are objective and independent of our minds. But if they are independent of our minds, then they must refer to something that exists in reality. Although the number seven, for example, has objective properties that we discover, these properties are not physical. We do not learn the truths about numbers by seeing, tasting, hearing, smelling, or touching them. From this concept, Plato concludes that the world of mathematics consists of a set of objective, mindindependent truths and a domain of nonphysical reality that we know only through reason. What about justice? What color is it? How tall is it? How much does it weigh? Clearly, these questions can apply to physical things, but it is meaningless to describe justice in terms of observable properties. Furthermore, no society is perfectly just. Hence, we have never seen an example of perfect justice in human history, only frail, human attempts to approximate it. Because reason can contemplate Justice Itself,* we can evaluate the deficient, limited degrees of justice found in particular societies. Particular nations come and go and the degree of justice they manifest can rise or fall. But the objects of genuine knowledge  such as true Justice or true Circularity are eternal and unchanging standards and objects of knowledge. Plato on Universals and the Knowledge of Reality Thus far, Plato has argued that there are some things that we could not know about (Justice, Goodness, Equality) if experience was our only source of knowledge. The soul must have somehow acquired knowledge independently of the senses. But what, exactly, are the objects of this special sort of knowledge? In answering this question, Plato builds on the distinction he has made between the here-and-now realm of sense experience and the unchanging realm of rational knowledge. He says that in the world of sense experience we find that particulars fall into a number of stable, universal categories. Without these categories, we could not identify anything or talk about particulars at all. For example, Tom, Andre, Maria, and Lakatria are all distinct individuals, yet we can use the universal term human being to refer to each of them. In spite of their differences, something about them is the same. Corresponding to each common name (such as â€Å"human,† â€Å"dog,† â€Å"justice†) is a Universal that consists of the essential, common properties of anything within that category. Circular objects (coins, rings, wreathes, planetary orbits) all have the Universal of Circularity in common. Particular objects that are beautiful (roses, seashells, persons, sunsets, paintings) all share the Universal of Beauty. Particulars come into being, change, and pass away but Universals reside in an eternal, unchanging world. The rose grows from a bud, becomes a beautiful flower, and then turns brown and ugly and fades away. Yet the Universal of Beauty (or Beauty Itself ) remains eternally the same. Plato believes that Universals are more than concepts, they are actually the constituents  of reality. Hence, in answer to the third epistemological question, Plato believes that knowledge of Universals provides us with knowledge of the fundamental features of reality, which are nonphysical, eternal, and unchanging. Plato also refers to these Universals as â€Å"Forms. † The following thought experiment will help you appreciate Plato’s emphasis on Universals and universal truth. Descartes on the Possibility of Knowledge Although Descartes was certain he could not be deceived about his own existence, the possibility of a Great Deceiver cast a shadow over all his other beliefs. Unless he could find something external to his mind that would guarantee that the contents of his mind represented reality, there was little hope for having any knowledge other than that of his own existence. Descartes sought this guarantee in an all-powerful, good God. Hence, Descartes says, â€Å"As soon as the opportunity arises I must examine whether there is a God, and, if there is, whether he can be a deceiver. For if I do not know this, it seems that I can never be quite certain about anything else. †12 If Descartes could prove that such a God exists, then he could know that knowledge is possible. But notice how limited are the materials Descartes has at his disposal for proving God’s existence. He cannot employ an empirical argument based on the nature of the external world, for that is an issue that is still in doubt. So, he must construct a rationalistic argument that reasons only from the contents of his own mind. STOP AND THINK Descartes on the Role of Reason In the following passage from Meditation III, Descartes says the â€Å"natural light of reason† shows him that (1) something cannot arise from nothing and (2) there must be at least as much reality in the cause as there is in the effect. †¢ What examples does he use to illustrate each of these principles? †¢ How does he apply these two principles to the existence of his own ideas? The argument that Descartes has given us in the previous passages can be summarized in this way: 1. Something cannot be derived from nothing. (In other words, all effects, including ideas, are caused by something. ) 2. There must be at least as much reality in the cause as there is in the effect. 3. I have an idea of God (as an infinite and perfect being). 4. The idea of God in my mind is an effect that was caused by something. 5.  I am finite and imperfect, and thus I could not be the cause of the idea of an infinite and perfect God. 6. Only an infinite and perfect being could be the cause of such an idea. 7. Therefore, God (an infinite and perfect being) exists. THE THREE ANCHOR POINTS OF EMPIRICISM The Only Source of Genuine Knowledge Is Sense Experience The empiricists compare the mind to a blank tablet upon which experience makes its marks. Without experience, they claim, we would lack not only knowledge of the specific features of the world, but also the ability even to conceive of qualities such.