Enzymatic Analysis of Yeast Alcohol Dehydrogenase Lab Report

Enzymatic Analysis of Yeast Alcohol Dehydrogenase - Lab Report Example A similar experimental design was used to analyze the effect of prior presence of varying concentrations of ethanol in the reaction mixture to evaluate its effect on the recovery of MTT formazan, thereby indicating the effect of alcohol on aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. Ethanol presence enhanced the alcohol dehydrogenase activity at all concentrations. A Vmax value of 0.0224Â µmol/min and Km value of 1.171 M were obtained. Alcohol dehydrogenase is the main enzyme involved in fermentation of carbohydrates for the commercial and industrial production of alcohol. It is derived from yeast, which is added to carbohydrates to induce anaerobic fermentation. Chemically, Alcohol dehydrogenase is a homotetrameric enzyme of approximately 150 kDA size which catalyses the reversible oxidation of alcohols. It is responsible for converting ethanal to ethanol and other alcohols during fermentation. Fermentation is the process in which glucose, a major constituent of all carbohydrates, undergoes glycolysis under anaerobic conditions with the resultant production of alcohol. The reaction is characterized by the regeneration of oxidized nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD+), which is essential for maintenance of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions with resultant seizure of mitochondrial respiration. Estimation of NAD+ spectrophotometrically can therefore serve as an important method of estimating and monitoring the oxidati on of ethanol. Two experiments were designed for the purpose. In the first experiment, the optimal conditions necessary for the catalytic activity of yeast dehydrogenase (yADH) were studied by first preparing yeast extract under identical conditions and then subjecting these extracts to variable factors like dilution, time, pH and temperature. The production of NADH was measured indirectly by following the reduction of 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

Do culture and claims to human rights stimulate or limit change in Essay

Do culture and claims to human rights stimulate or limit change in international order - Essay Example Realism on the other hand believe that the way that international order is achieved is through states’ pursuit of power (Bromley and Smith, 2004). Liberalism theories of transformation are especially useful for analyzing whether or not culture and claims to human rights stimulate or limit change in international order. Liberalism theories draw attention to universality and particularity. In this regard, the question for consideration is different standpoints (particularity) find commonality and thus universality in structuring international order (Bromley and Smith, 2004). Human rights in the international political order is often perceived in terms of universality, yet strands of particularity are observed. Therefore, according to cultural relativism, while it is often claimed that human rights are universal because we are all human beings, there are individual claims that what rights are applicable and inalienable depends on cultural values, beliefs and practices (Donnelly, 2007). Cultural relativism is said to be more profound with the challenges resulting from globalization and a multicultural world (Ayton-Shenker, 1995). Disparities in terms of income, access to resources, cultural clashes and so on have raised concerns about whether or not universality in the international ordering can be achieved amidst profound and divergent particularity. Ayton-Shenker (1995) argues that cultural clashes and inequitable differences threatens the international order in that societies may inevitably resort to cultivating their own cultural values and identities. This research paper will therefore use liberalism theories of transformation, especially concepts of universality and particularity to analyse whether or not culture and claims to human rights stimulate or limit change in international order. This research paper hypothesized that if cultural relativism